Pensions
for life?
The rise of pensions as a development issue
By:
Armando
Barrientos
Insights 42,
June, 2002
The 1990s could well qualify as the
decade of global pension reform. A number of countries in Latin America
and some transition economies radically transformed their pension
provision and moved swiftly towards privately provided individual
retirement plans. Less conspicuous, but no less important, South Africa
and Brazil reformed their basic pension plans to achieve almost universal
coverage.
The World Bank's 1994 report on
'Averting the old age crisis: policies to protect the old and promote
growth' drew attention to population ageing in the developing world, and
raised the profile of pensions in the context of development policy.
Accelerated population ageing in the South makes old age support a
prominent, and pressing, policy issue. Moreover, pension plans can have a
significant impact on economic development by raising private saving and
improving capital and labour markets.

Demographics and development
Most developing countries have
relatively young populations, but this will change rapidly in the first
half of this century. A steep fall in fertility rates combined with
improvements in life expectancy will produce a rapid demographic
transition in developing countries. According to the UN Population
Division, the proportion of the population aged 60 and over is expected to
double in Africa, and to almost treble in Asia. By the year 2050, older
people will account for 10% of the population in Africa, and 23% in Asia
and Latin America. In Africa, the impact of HIV/AIDS has further
accelerated population ageing proportionally, as shown in Richard
Disney's article. The number of people aged 60 and over in the world
is predicted to reach 2 billion by 2050, and over 64% of these will be
living in Asia.


Accelerated population ageing in the
South will produce wide-ranging social and economic changes. These will be
far-reaching, but they may not necessarily constitute a crisis as some
suggest. Population ageing represents in fact a considerable achievement,
and improvements in life expectancy are a key indicator of rising human
development. The issue is how to accommodate population ageing, sustain
and improve the wellbeing of older people, and strengthen their
contribution to economic and social development. What is needed is to
shift out of notions of old age as synonymous with dependency and to
embrace the challenges of 'active ageing'.
Pensions in the developing world
The issue of how to organise pension provision in the developing world
acquired a higher profile with the publication of the World Bank's 1994
report. It recommended that countries adopt multi-pillar pension systems,
with a tax-financed safety net pension as the first pillar, contributory
work-based pension plans as the second pillar, and voluntary saving as the
third. Subsequently, the Bank focused almost exclusively on supporting the
introduction of individual retirement saving plans, with Chile's reform as
an example of success. This was rationalised in terms of significant
economic advantages claimed to arise from these plans, including improved
work and saving incentives, the strengthening of capital markets and the
reduction of fiscal deficits. Roger
Charlton and Roddy McKinnon take a critical stand on the dominance of
the Bank's model of pension reform. Pension reform in Latin America and
some transition economies has followed closely this model of pension
provision. Carmelo
Mesa-Lago reviews the evolution of pension reform in Latin America
against the impact of the crisis in Argentina
In the spread of pension reform in
the 1990s, and the debates that have followed, insufficient attention has
been paid to the wide range of pension provision in developing countries.
A number of countries in Asia and Africa (e.g. Singapore, Malaysia, India
and Zimbabwe) organise old-age support around provident funds. Typically,
workers are required to contribute a fraction of their earnings to a
provident fund account. The government invests the savings in a range of
projects, with a strong development focus, and pays a fixed rate of return
to the accounts. A feature of provident funds is that workers are allowed
to withdraw part of their savings for specified purposes - normally
housing purchases, health expenditure and higher education. Account
balances can be withdrawn in full at the specified retirement age. In
South Asia, provident funds have helped strengthen intergenerational
solidarity and family-based risk management. A contribution by Robert
Palacios considers the options for reforming provident funds in India,
while Mukul
Asher examines the challenges of maturing provident funds in Malaysia
and Singapore
The coverage of social insurance
pensions, individual retirement savings accounts and provident funds in
developing countries is restricted to workers in formal employment.
Changes in the labour market in the past two decades have led to a decline
in formal employment. The implication is that a majority of the current
old, and an even larger proportion of the future old, will not have access
to pension entitlements.
Few countries in the developing world
provide universal non-contributory pensions, but pension reforms in South
Africa and Brazil in the 1990s deserve closer examination. In South
Africa, the fall of apartheid led to the demise of racial discrimination
in basic state pension entitlements for blacks. The 'social pension' as it
is popularly known, provides a regular source of income to older people
and their households, and it is proving to be a powerful instrument in
poverty reduction and economic development. A contribution by Stephen
Devereux draws attention to this important development. In Brazil, the
end of dictatorship produced a new 'social contract' crystallising in the
1988 Constitution. This improved and extended pension entitlements to
rural communities and to workers in informal employment. Implemented in
the early 1990s, the previdencia rural has had a measurable impact on
poverty reduction, has ameliorated the worst effects of liberalisation in
agriculture on rural households, and led to an improvement in the
wellbeing of older people and their households
. A contribution by Helmut
Schwarzer and Guilherme Delgado provides a concise assessment of the
impact of previdencia rural. The experiences of South Africa and Brazil
show that pension reform focused on universalising pension provision can
have a measurable impact on the wellbeing of older people, poverty, and
economic and social development.
Pensions in development policy
Pensions provide a foundation for old-age support programmes that are
needed to accommodate rapid population ageing in the South, and developing
countries should give urgent consideration to this issue. Katharina
Müller's contribution discusses the political constraints on pension
reform in transition economies and Latin America. In the context of
development policy, pensions have a broader role:
Well-designed
pension plans can 'crowd in' and strengthen other forms of old age support
provided by families, employers, NGOs and community organisations.
Pensions
can enhance economic and social development by facilitating the already
significant contribution older people make to their households,
communities and economies.
Pensions
can also strengthen intergenerational transfers and solidarity, and
spearhead the development of sustainable welfare programmes.
There is a range of pension provision in developing countries from which
valuable lessons can be drawn. The universalisation of pension provision
in South Africa and Brazil show that basic pensions can have a substantial
impact on the wellbeing of the old and their households, poverty reduction
and economic activity.
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